{
 "about": "From Becker, M. J. (2024), Predicting personal information management systems use [Doctoral dissertation, Golden Gate University], Appendices A and B, updated 6 Nov 2026. Served by praxamark.com.",
 "terms": [
  {
   "id": "right-to-privacy",
   "term": "Right to privacy",
   "year": 1890,
   "decade": "1890s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "A legal principle, set out by Warren and Brandeis in 1890, that people have a right to protect their private lives and personal information from public exposure.",
   "citations": "Warren and Brandeis (1890)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "warren-1890"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "right-to-be-let-alone",
   "term": "Right to be let alone",
   "year": 1928,
   "decade": "1920s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Justice Brandeis's phrase, in his 1928 Olmstead dissent, for the right to be free from government intrusion, including surveillance of private communications.",
   "citations": "Olmstead v. U.S., 277 U.S. 438 (1928)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "memex-machine",
   "term": "MEMEX Machine",
   "year": 1945,
   "decade": "1940s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "Vannevar Bush's imagined desk-sized device for storing, linking and recalling a person's books, records and communications, an early vision of personal information management.",
   "citations": "Bush (1945, 1959/1991, 1967/1991)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "bush-1945"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "privacy",
   "term": "Privacy",
   "year": 1964,
   "decade": "1960s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "The ability of individuals to choose who, what, when, where, for what purpose and for how long others have access to them and their information.",
   "citations": "Westin (1967)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "westin-1967"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "ombudsman",
   "term": "Ombudsman",
   "year": 1973,
   "decade": "1970s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "An independent official who takes up individuals' complaints about how organizations collect and use records about them, as discussed in the 1973 US HEW records report.",
   "citations": "Ware (1973)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "ware-1973"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "information-almost-wants-to-be-free-but-it-also-wants-to-be-expensive",
   "term": "Information almost wants to be free, but it also wants to be expensive",
   "year": 1984,
   "decade": "1980s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "Stewart Brand's 1984 observation that information is cheap to copy and share, yet the right information is highly valuable, so the two pressures pull against each other.",
   "citations": "Brand (1984), Getty Images (1984), Gans (2015)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "brand-1984",
    "gans-2015"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "ubiquitous-computing-ubicomp-tools",
   "term": "Ubiquitous computing (Ubicomp) tools",
   "year": 1991,
   "decade": "1990s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "Computing built into everyday objects and surroundings, including sensors and devices that collect personal data people can use to reflect on their own behaviour.",
   "citations": "Weiser (1991), Li et al. (2011)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "li-2011",
    "weiser-1991"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "infomediaries",
   "term": "Infomediaries",
   "year": 1997,
   "decade": "1990s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Intermediaries that hold consumers' personal information and act as their agents, negotiating with companies over how that information is used and what consumers receive for it.",
   "citations": "Hagel & Rayport (1997), Hagel & Singer (1999)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hagel-1997",
    "hagel-1999"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "national-information-exchange-marketplace",
   "term": "National Information Exchange Marketplace",
   "year": 1997,
   "decade": "1990s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "Laudon's proposed market where individuals hold rights to their personal information in accounts and can sell or license its use to organizations through regulated intermediaries.",
   "citations": "Laudon (1997)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "laudon-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digitalme",
   "term": "DigitalMe",
   "year": 1999,
   "decade": "1990s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Novell's 1999 online identity service that let people store personal details in profiles and choose which details to share with websites and contacts.",
   "citations": "Novell (1999)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "novell-1999"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "mebusiness",
   "term": "meBusiness",
   "year": 1999,
   "decade": "1990s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Novell's 1999 term for businesses building relationships through customer-controlled identity profiles, such as those held in its digitalme service, rather than company-held records.",
   "citations": "Novell (1999)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "novell-1999"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-store",
   "term": "Personal Data Store",
   "year": 1999,
   "decade": "1990s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A tool or service where a person gathers, stores and manages their own personal data and decides which organizations may access or use it.",
   "citations": "Alessi (2019), Crabtree et al. (2016, 2018), Dataswyft (2022), Eclipse Foundation (2008), Fallatah et al. (2023), Montjoye et al. (2014), Mun et al. (2010), Mydex Community Interest Company (2010), Owano (2013), Reed (2010a), Royal Society (2019), Trevithick (2010a), Vescovi et al. (2014), World Economic Forum (2013)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "alessi-2019",
    "crabtree-2016",
    "crabtree-2018",
    "dataswyft-2022",
    "eclipse-foundation-2008",
    "fallatah-2023",
    "montjoye-2014",
    "mun-2010",
    "mydex-community-interest-company-2010",
    "owano-2013",
    "reed-2010a",
    "trevithick-2010a",
    "vescovi-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-governance",
   "term": "Data governance",
   "year": 2000,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "The policies, roles and processes an organization uses to manage data as an asset, including its quality, security, use and accountability.",
   "citations": "Ladley (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "ladley-2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "semantic-web",
   "term": "Semantic Web",
   "year": 2000,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "A vision for the web in which data carries machine-readable meaning, so software can find, combine and reason over information across sites.",
   "citations": "Berners-Lee et al. (2000)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "berners-lee-2000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "right-side-up",
   "term": "Right Side Up",
   "year": 2001,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Alan Mitchell's argument that marketing should be reorganized around consumers, who act through their own agents and information rather than being targeted by companies.",
   "citations": "Mitchell (2001)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "mitchell-2001"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-vault",
   "term": "Data Vault",
   "year": 2002,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Linstedt's data-warehouse modelling method for storing historical organizational data; the name differs from personal data vaults, which hold an individual's own data.",
   "citations": "Linstedt (2002)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "linstedt-2002"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "augmented-social-network",
   "term": "Augmented Social Network",
   "year": 2003,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "A 2003 proposal to build persistent online identity and trust into the internet so people could find and connect with others while controlling their own profiles.",
   "citations": "Jordan et al. (2003)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "jordan-2003"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "customer-managed-interactions",
   "term": "Customer Managed Interactions",
   "year": 2003,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "An approach in which customers use their own data and software to start and control their dealings with firms, rather than firms managing the relationship.",
   "citations": "Watson (2003, 2004), Watson et al. (2005), Parasuraman (2006)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "parasuraman-2006",
    "watson-2003",
    "watson-2004",
    "watson-2005"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "privacy-preserving-reputation-management",
   "term": "Privacy Preserving Reputation Management",
   "year": 2003,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Reputation systems that let participants rate and trust one another without revealing their identities or the personal details behind their ratings.",
   "citations": "Kinateder & Pearson (2003), Ma et al. (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "kinateder-2003",
    "ma-2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "stuff-i-ve-seen",
   "term": "Stuff I've seen",
   "year": 2003,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "A Microsoft Research system that indexed the email, files and web pages a person had already seen so they could easily find and reuse them.",
   "citations": "Dumais et al. (2003)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "dumais-2003"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-cloud",
   "term": "Personal Cloud",
   "year": 2004,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A personal data management system, hosted online or on a home device, where an individual keeps their data and runs services over it under their control.",
   "citations": "Anciaux et al. (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "anciaux-2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "ontopim",
   "term": "OntoPIM",
   "year": 2005,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "A research approach to personal information management that uses a personal ontology, a model of a person's concepts, to organize and retrieve their information.",
   "citations": "Katifori et al. (2005)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "katifori-2005"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-knowledge-bank",
   "term": "Personal Knowledge Bank",
   "year": 2005,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Mitchell and Henderson's idea of a store of personal information that individuals hold and use to manage their own dealings with organizations.",
   "citations": "Mitchell & Henderson (2005)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "mitchell-2005"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "semex-system",
   "term": "Semex System",
   "year": 2005,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "A research platform that integrated a person's email, documents and contacts into linked objects and associations so they could browse and search them together.",
   "citations": "Dong & Halevy (2005)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "dong-2005"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "the-laws-of-identity",
   "term": "The Laws of Identity",
   "year": 2005,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Kim Cameron's seven principles for digital identity systems, including user control and consent, minimal disclosure, and justifiable parties.",
   "citations": "Cameron (2005)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "cameron-2005"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-commons",
   "term": "Data Commons",
   "year": 2006,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Data or knowledge treated as a shared resource, governed by a community under agreed rules rather than owned privately or by the state.",
   "citations": "Hess & Ostrom (2006), Rosnay & Stalder (2020)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hess-2006"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "imemex",
   "term": "iMeMex",
   "year": 2006,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "A research platform for personal dataspace management that brought together a person's files, email and other data sources under one queryable view.",
   "citations": "Dittrich (2006)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "dittrich-2006"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "lifebits",
   "term": "Lifebits",
   "year": 2006,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "MyLifeBits, a Microsoft Research project that digitally recorded and stored the documents, media and communications of Gordon Bell's life in one personal database.",
   "citations": "Gemmell et al. (2006)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "gemmell-2006"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-database",
   "term": "Personal Database",
   "year": 2006,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "A single database that holds all of a person's digital records, such as documents, photos, messages and media, for storage, search and recall.",
   "citations": "Gemmell et al. (2006)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "gemmell-2006"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "vendor-relationship-management-tool",
   "term": "Vendor Relationship Management Tool",
   "year": 2006,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Software that helps individuals manage their relationships with vendors on their own terms; the counterpart to companies' customer relationship management.",
   "citations": "Vizard & Searls (2006), Mitchell et al. (2008)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "mitchell-2008",
    "vizard-2006"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "web-3-0",
   "term": "Web 3.0",
   "year": 2006,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "In Markoff's 2006 usage, a next stage of the web in which software understands the meaning of online information, closely tied to the semantic web.",
   "citations": "Markoff (2006)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "markoff-2006"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "healthvault",
   "term": "Healthvault",
   "year": 2007,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Microsoft HealthVault, a personal health record platform launched in 2007 where people could store their health information and share it with providers and apps.",
   "citations": "Kelly (2007b)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "kelly-2007b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "information-cards",
   "term": "Information Cards",
   "year": 2007,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Visual digital identity cards, used in Microsoft's CardSpace identity selector, that let people choose which identity and claims to present to a website.",
   "citations": "Cameron (2007)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "cameron-2007"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "open-data",
   "term": "Open Data",
   "year": 2007,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "Data published so anyone can freely access, reuse and share it, such as the structured Wikipedia data in DBpedia.",
   "citations": "Auer et al. (2007)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "auer-2007"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "quantified-self",
   "term": "Quantified Self",
   "year": 2007,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "A movement of people who track data about their own bodies, habits and activities to gain self-knowledge.",
   "citations": "Kelly (2007a), Wolf (2010)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "kelly-2007a",
    "wolf-2010"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "distributed-personal-web-service",
   "term": "Distributed personal web-service",
   "year": 2008,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Personal data scattered across many web services; Geambasu et al. built a system to organize and share it across those services from one place.",
   "citations": "Geambasu et al. (2008)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "geambasu-2008"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "polis",
   "term": "Polis",
   "year": 2008,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A research prototype personal data management system in which individuals keep their own personal data and control what is disclosed to service providers.",
   "citations": "Efraimidis et al. (2008)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "efraimidis-2008"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "privacy-by-design",
   "term": "Privacy by Design",
   "year": 2008,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Ann Cavoukian's approach of building privacy into systems and practices from the start, using seven principles such as privacy as the default setting.",
   "citations": "Cavoukian (2008, 2009)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "cavoukian-2008",
    "cavoukian-2009"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "lifelogging",
   "term": "Lifelogging",
   "year": 2009,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "Continuously recording details of one's own life, such as images, location and activity, in digital form for later memory, reflection or use.",
   "citations": "O’Hara et al, (2009), Gurrin et. al., (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "gurrin-2014",
    "ohara-2009"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "linked-data",
   "term": "Linked Data",
   "year": 2007,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "Tim Berners-Lee's set of practices for publishing structured data on the web with URIs and standard formats, so data from different sources can be connected.",
   "citations": "Berners-Lee (2009)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "berners-lee-2009"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-stream",
   "term": "Personal Data Stream",
   "year": 2009,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "The continuous flow of data, such as location and activity, collected about a person by mobile sensing, designed so the person can take part in decisions about sharing.",
   "citations": "Shilton et al., (2009)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "shilton-2009"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "the-new-oil",
   "term": "The new oil",
   "year": 2009,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "A metaphor, used by EU Commissioner Kuneva in 2009 and later The Economist, describing personal data as a valuable resource that fuels the digital economy.",
   "citations": "Kuneva (2009), The Economist (2017b)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "kuneva-2009",
    "the-economist-2017b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "virtual-individual-server",
   "term": "Virtual Individual Server",
   "year": 2009,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A virtual machine in the cloud, dedicated to one person, that holds data from their mobile devices and shares it with others as a privacy-preserving proxy.",
   "citations": "Cáceres et al. (2009)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "caceres-2009"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "customer-managed-profiling-system",
   "term": "Customer Managed Profiling System",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "An arrangement in which consumers create and manage their own profiles and decide what to share with sellers, as a way of protecting privacy in buying.",
   "citations": "Reppel & Szmigin (2010)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "reppel-2010"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-cloud-butler",
   "term": "Personal Cloud Butler",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "In the PrPl research project, a personal service that stores and indexes a person's data across devices and services and controls how it is shared.",
   "citations": "Seong et al. (2010)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "seong-2010"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-container",
   "term": "Personal Container",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A research concept for a store of a person's collected digital data, such as messages and sensor readings, kept and processed under that person's control.",
   "citations": "Mortier et al. (2010)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "mortier-2010"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-ecosystem",
   "term": "Personal Data Ecosystem",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "The network of people, organizations, tools and rules through which individuals can manage and share their own personal data; the name of a 2010 industry consortium.",
   "citations": "Landsman et al. (2010)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "landsman-2010"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-server",
   "term": "Personal Data Server",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Server software or hosting that runs a person's personal data store and related services, holding their data and handling requests to access it.",
   "citations": "Reed (2010b)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "reed-2010b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-service",
   "term": "Personal Data Service",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A service, often paired with a personal data store, that acts for a person to manage, share and exchange their personal data with others.",
   "citations": "Reed (2010a, 2010b), Trevithick (2010a)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "reed-2010a",
    "reed-2010b",
    "trevithick-2010a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-vault",
   "term": "Personal Data Vault",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A secure store under a person's control that holds their personal data, such as sensor or location data, and lets them choose what to share and with whom.",
   "citations": "Hoefmans et al. (2022), Mun et al. (2010), Mun et al. (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hoefmans-2022",
    "mun-2010",
    "mun-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "privacy-preserving-technologies",
   "term": "Privacy-Preserving Technologies",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Technical methods, such as anonymisation, aggregation and answering queries without releasing raw data, that let personal data be used while limiting exposure of the individual.",
   "citations": "Moiso et al. (2012), Montjoye et al. (2014), Mun et al. (2010), Perentis et al. (2017)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "moiso-2012",
    "montjoye-2014",
    "mun-2010",
    "perentis-2017"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "zero-trust",
   "term": "Zero Trust",
   "year": 2010,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "A security model, set out by Forrester analyst John Kindervag, that trusts no user, device or network by default and checks every access request.",
   "citations": "Kindervag (2010)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "kindervag-2010"
   ],
   "related": [
    "distrust-and-verify",
    "trust-but-verify",
    "zero-knowledge-proof"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "federated-social-web",
   "term": "Federated Social Web",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "A social web made of many independently run servers that exchange posts and profiles over shared protocols, so people are not locked into one platform.",
   "citations": "Project Nori (2011)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "project-nori-2011"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "midata",
   "term": "midata",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A UK government programme launched in 2011 that encouraged companies to give consumers their own transaction and usage data back in a portable, electronic form.",
   "citations": "Department for Business, Innovation and Skills & Davey (2011)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "department-for-business-2011"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-applications",
   "term": "Personal Applications",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Software that runs on a person's own data store and works on their behalf, as described in Project Danube's vision for personal data and identity.",
   "citations": "Project Danube (2011)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "project-danube-2011"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-analytics",
   "term": "Personal Data Analytics",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "Analysis of personal data done by or for the individual, so they can learn from it and decide how it is used.",
   "citations": "Personal Data Ecosystem Consortium (n.d.)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "personal-data-ecosystem-consortium-nd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-bank",
   "term": "Personal Data Bank",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A service, like a bank for money, that holds an individual's personal data for them and releases it to others only on their instruction.",
   "citations": "Personal Data Ecosystem Consortium (n.d.)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "personal-data-ecosystem-consortium-nd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-locker",
   "term": "Personal Data Locker",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A secure online store where a person keeps their personal data and documents and chooses which parties may access them.",
   "citations": "Personal Data Ecosystem Consortium (n.d.)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "personal-data-ecosystem-consortium-nd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-a-new-asset-class",
   "term": "Personal Data: A New Asset Class",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "A 2011 World Economic Forum report that described personal data as a new economic asset and called for an ecosystem that is balanced, trusted and centred on the user.",
   "citations": "World Economic Forum (2011)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "world-economic-forum-2011"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-informatics",
   "term": "Personal informatics",
   "year": 2011,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "Systems that help people collect, reflect on and act on information about themselves, such as activity, health or spending, to gain self-knowledge.",
   "citations": "Li et al. (2021)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "intention-economy",
   "term": "Intention Economy",
   "year": 2012,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "Doc Searls's idea of a market in which customers state what they want and on what terms, and vendors respond, rather than vendors tracking customers.",
   "citations": "Searls (2012)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "searls-2012"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "life-management-platform",
   "term": "Life management platform",
   "year": 2012,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "KuppingerCole's term for a platform where individuals securely store their personal data and share it under their own control with organisations they choose.",
   "citations": "Kuppinger (2012), Burton (2013)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "burton-2013",
    "kuppinger-2012"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "self-sovereign-identity",
   "term": "Self-Sovereign Identity",
   "year": 2012,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "An approach to digital identity in which the individual holds and controls their own identifiers and credentials and does not depend on any single issuer or platform.",
   "citations": "Loffreto (2012, 2016)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "loffreto-2012",
    "loffreto-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "unbiased-private-data",
   "term": "Unbiased Private Data",
   "year": 2012,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "Aperjis and Huberman's proposed market that pays individuals for their private data according to their privacy attitudes, so samples bought are not skewed.",
   "citations": "Aperjis & Huberman (2012)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "aperjis-2012"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "verified-social-reputation",
   "term": "Verified Social Reputation",
   "year": 2012,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "A 2012 card from Connect.Me and miiCard that joined verified identity with social reputation so others could trust who a person online is.",
   "citations": "Marketwired (2012)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "marketwired-2012"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "a-bite-of-me",
   "term": "A Bite of Me",
   "year": 2013,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "A 2013 Kickstarter project in which Federico Zannier sold a month of his own browsing, location and screen data directly to backers.",
   "citations": "Zannier (2013)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "zannier-2013"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-afterlife",
   "term": "Digital afterlife",
   "year": 2013,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "What happens to a person's online accounts and data after they die, and the arrangements they make in advance to pass on or delete them.",
   "citations": "Tuerk (2013)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "tuerk-2013"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "phygital",
   "term": "Phygital",
   "year": 2013,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Describes experiences and selves that blend physical and digital interactions, so a person's life and data span both worlds at once.",
   "citations": "Borgne (2018)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "borgne-2018"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "privacy-self-management",
   "term": "Privacy Self-Management",
   "year": 2013,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Daniel Solove's term for the legal approach of giving people notice and choice to manage their own privacy, which he argues often fails in practice.",
   "citations": "Solove (2013, 2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "solove-2013",
    "solove-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "trusted-compute-cells",
   "term": "Trusted Compute Cells",
   "year": 2013,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Secure, personal computing units proposed by Hardjono and colleagues that hold an individual's data and run approved code so others get answers, not raw data.",
   "citations": "Hardjono et al. (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hardjono-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "customer-information-industry",
   "term": "Customer Information Industry",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "McKean's term for the businesses and practices that manage information customers volunteer about themselves, to deliver relevant experiences in return.",
   "citations": "McKean (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "mckean-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-safety-box",
   "term": "Digital safety box",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "PAOGA's name for its secure online vault where people store personal documents and data and share them with trusted parties.",
   "citations": "PAOGA (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "paoga-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "hub-of-all-things",
   "term": "Hub-of-all-things",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "The Hub-of-all-Things (HAT), a UK research project and platform giving individuals their own data store and a market for sharing data in context.",
   "citations": "Ng et al. (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "ng-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "me2b",
   "term": "Me2B",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Price and Jaffe's term for relationships where the individual sets the terms with businesses, now also used for the person-to-business data relationship.",
   "citations": "Price & Jaffe (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "price-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "my-data-store",
   "term": "My Data Store",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A Telecom Italia research tool that let people collect the personal data their mobile devices generate, see it, and control how it is shared.",
   "citations": "Moiso et al. (2012), Vescovi et al. (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "moiso-2012",
    "vescovi-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "peer-to-peer-cloud-storage-network",
   "term": "Peer-To-Peer Cloud Storage Network",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "Storj's 2014 design for cloud storage in which encrypted files are split across many independent computers instead of one company's data centres.",
   "citations": "Wilkinson (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "wilkinson-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-big-data",
   "term": "Personal Big Data",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "The large, continuous record of a person's life captured by lifelogging devices and sensors, as described by Gurrin, Smeaton and Doherty.",
   "citations": "Gurrin et al. (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "gurrin-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-cloud",
   "term": "Personal Data Cloud",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Cloud-based services that gather, store and manage an individual's personal data from many sources in one place under their account.",
   "citations": "Wang & Wang (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "wang-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-information-management-service",
   "term": "Personal Information Management Service",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Ctrl-Shift's term for services that help individuals collect, manage and use their own personal data for their own purposes.",
   "citations": "Ctrl-Shift (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "ctrl-shift-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "self-data",
   "term": "Self Data",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "FING's concept of individuals producing, using and sharing their own personal data, under their control and for their own purposes.",
   "citations": "Foundation Internet Nouvelle Génération (2014, 2017)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "safeanswers",
   "term": "SafeAnswers",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A method in MIT's openPDS where questions are run inside a person's data store and only the answer, not the raw data, is returned.",
   "citations": "Montjoye et. al (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "montjoye-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "your-antisocial-network",
   "term": "Your AntiSocial Network",
   "year": 2014,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A PAOGA slogan for its private vault service, which let people share data only with chosen, trusted parties rather than publicly.",
   "citations": "PAOGA (2014)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "paoga-2014"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-collaborative",
   "term": "Data Collaborative",
   "year": 2015,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A partnership in which organisations from different sectors, often private and public, exchange or pool data to solve public problems.",
   "citations": "Verhulst (2015)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "verhulst-2015"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "internet-of-me",
   "term": "Internet of Me",
   "year": 2015,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "The idea that connected devices and services increasingly form around the individual, producing and using data about that person's life.",
   "citations": "Spicer (2015)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "spicer-2015"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-information-management-system",
   "term": "Personal Information Management System",
   "year": 2015,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Tools and services that let individuals store, manage and decide how their personal data is shared and used, as described by the European Data Protection Supervisor.",
   "citations": "Abiteboul et al. (2015), Buttarelli (2016a, 2016b), Attoresi & Moraes (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "abiteboul-2015",
    "attoresi-2021",
    "buttarelli-2016a",
    "buttarelli-2016b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-commons-2016",
   "term": "Data Commons",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A shared platform that brings data, storage, computing and tools together so a research community can manage, analyse and share data.",
   "citations": "Grossman et al. (2016)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "grossman-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-online-database-pod",
   "term": "Personal Online Database (POD)",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A personal online data store in the Solid project where a person keeps their data and grants apps permission to read or write it.",
   "citations": "Mansour et al. (2018)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "data-stewards",
   "term": "Data Stewards",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "People or software responsible for managing an organisation's data quality, use and policies on behalf of its owners.",
   "citations": "Peyret (2016)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "peyret-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "databox",
   "term": "Databox",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A UK research platform giving individuals a personal device that collects their data and lets approved apps use it locally under their control.",
   "citations": "Crabtree et al. (2016), Haddadi et al. (2015)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "crabtree-2016",
    "haddadi-2015"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "decentralized-public-key-infrastructure",
   "term": "Decentralized Public Key Infrastructure",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "A public key infrastructure in which no single certificate authority controls identifiers; people register and manage their own keys, for example on a blockchain.",
   "citations": "Allen et al. (2016)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "allen-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "do-it-yourself-data-protection",
   "term": "Do-it-yourself-data protection",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Individuals protecting their own data with tools and habits, which Matzner and colleagues ask may be a burden as much as empowerment.",
   "citations": "Matzner et al. (2016)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "matzner-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "information-fiduciaries",
   "term": "Information Fiduciaries",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Jack Balkin's idea that companies holding people's personal data should owe them duties of care and loyalty, like doctors or lawyers.",
   "citations": "Balkin (2016, 2024)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "balkin-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-economy",
   "term": "Personal Data Economy",
   "year": 2016,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "The market in which individuals exchange their personal data with organisations for value, and increasingly manage that exchange themselves.",
   "citations": "Juniper Research (2016)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "juniper-research-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "consent-intermediaries",
   "term": "Consent intermediaries",
   "year": 2017,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Third-party services that manage people's consent to data use on their behalf, to ease the burden of privacy self-management.",
   "citations": "Lehtiniemi & Kortesniemi (2017)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "lehtiniemi-2017"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "identity-metasystem",
   "term": "Identity Metasystem",
   "year": 2017,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Microsoft's design for an interoperable layer joining many identity systems, so people can choose and use different digital identities consistently.",
   "citations": "Cameron & Jones (2017)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "cameron-2017"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-health-information-management-system-phims",
   "term": "Personal health information management system (PHIMS)",
   "year": 2017,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A system that lets individuals collect, store and manage their own health information and share it with providers or programmes they choose.",
   "citations": "Neyens & Childers (2017), Pawar et al. (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "neyens-2017",
    "pawar-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "the-internet-of-us",
   "term": "The Internet of Us",
   "year": 2017,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Michael Lynch's book arguing that constant connection gives people more information but less understanding, raising questions about knowledge and autonomy.",
   "citations": "Lynch (2016)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "lynch-2016"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "verified-claims",
   "term": "Verified Claims",
   "year": 2017,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "Statements about a person, such as age or qualifications, that an issuer signs digitally so others can check them, per the W3C data model.",
   "citations": "Sporny & Longley (2017)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "sporny-2017"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-trusts",
   "term": "Data Trusts",
   "year": 2018,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A legal structure in which independent trustees manage data on behalf of a group of people, deciding its use in their interest.",
   "citations": "Hardinges (2018), Mills (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hardinges-2018",
    "mills-2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "legal-entity-identifier-lei",
   "term": "Legal Entity Identifier (LEI)",
   "year": 2018,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "A 20-character global code, overseen by the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation, that uniquely identifies a legal entity such as a company.",
   "citations": "Global Legal Entity Identity Foundation (n.d. a)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "information-bank",
   "term": "Information Bank",
   "year": 2018,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A Japanese certified business that holds people's personal data under their instructions and shares it with third parties on their behalf, returning benefits to them.",
   "citations": "Hemmi (2019), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Japan (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hemmi-2019",
    "ministry-of-internal-affairs-and-communi-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "mediators-of-individual-data",
   "term": "Mediators of Individual Data",
   "year": 2018,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "Organisations that would represent many people collectively, bargaining with companies over the terms and payment for using their members' personal data.",
   "citations": "Lanier & Weyl (2018)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "lanier-2018"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "person-controlled-personal-data",
   "term": "Person-controlled personal data",
   "year": 2018,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Personal data held in a store the individual owns and controls, such as a Hub-of-all-Things account, so they can use, exchange or trade it.",
   "citations": "Ng (2018)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "ng-2018"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-cooperative",
   "term": "Data Cooperative",
   "year": 2019,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A member-owned organisation that pools members' personal data, governs it democratically, and decides together how it may be shared or used, for example for health research.",
   "citations": "Hafen (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hafen-2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "decentralized-web-node",
   "term": "Decentralized Web Node",
   "year": 2019,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "A Decentralized Identity Foundation specification for a personal data store and message relay, addressed by a person's identifier, that apps can read from and write to with permission.",
   "citations": "Buchner (2019), Buchner et al. (2024),",
   "cite_keys": [
    "buchner-2019",
    "buchner-2024"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-guardianship",
   "term": "Digital Guardianship",
   "year": 2019,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "An arrangement in which a trusted guardian manages a digital identity and its credentials on behalf of a person who cannot fully manage them alone.",
   "citations": "Sovrin Guardianship Task Force (2023),",
   "cite_keys": [
    "sovrin-guardianship-working-group-2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-co-operatives",
   "term": "Personal Data Co-Operatives",
   "year": 2019,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Co-operatives in which members deposit copies of their personal data, keep control over each use, and jointly decide on data donations for research and public benefit.",
   "citations": "Hafen (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hafen-2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-vault",
   "term": "Personal Vault",
   "year": 2019,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A protected folder in Microsoft OneDrive, opened with extra identity verification, where people store their most sensitive files and documents.",
   "citations": "Microsoft (n.d.)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "microsoft-nd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "semantic-container",
   "term": "Semantic Container",
   "year": 2019,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "An OwnYourData approach that packages data together with its description, provenance and usage policy so it can move between systems while keeping its terms.",
   "citations": "OwnYourData (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "ownyourdata-2019"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "verified-credentials",
   "term": "Verified Credentials",
   "year": 2019,
   "decade": "2010s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Tamper-evident digital credentials, such as a licence or diploma, that a person holds and presents, and whose issuer and integrity anyone can check cryptographically (W3C Verifiable Credentials).",
   "citations": "Sporny & Longley (2019)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "sporny-2019"
   ],
   "related": [
    "distrust-and-verify",
    "zero-knowledge-proof"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-id-card",
   "term": "Data ID Card",
   "year": 2020,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "One of the data management approaches tested in a UK survey: an identity card for managing one's personal data that includes the option to opt out of data-gathering services.",
   "citations": "Hartman et al. (2020)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hartman-2020"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-safe",
   "term": "Data Safe",
   "year": 2020,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A personal data vault (Dutch: datakluis) where people keep their own data and choose which organisations, such as media companies, may use it.",
   "citations": "Loohuis (2020), Mediahuis (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "loohuis-2020",
    "mediahuis-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "independent-data-stewardship",
   "term": "Independent Data Stewardship",
   "year": 2020,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "An approach in which a responsible, independent party manages a person's data for them, either for all of it or for specific contexts such as health or finance.",
   "citations": "Hartman et al. (2020)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hartman-2020"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "my-data-operator",
   "term": "My Data Operator",
   "year": 2020,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "An organisation that, following MyData principles, provides services and infrastructure that let people see, manage and authorise flows of their personal data between organisations.",
   "citations": "Langford et al. (2020)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "langford-2020"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-spaces",
   "term": "Personal Data Spaces",
   "year": 2020,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A European Commission concept for environments where individuals hold and control their personal data and decide how it is shared within common European data spaces.",
   "citations": "European Commission (2020)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "european-commission-2020"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "smart-data",
   "term": "Smart Data",
   "year": 2020,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A UK government programme that lets consumers instruct businesses to share their data securely with authorised third parties, extending the open banking model to other sectors.",
   "citations": "Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (2020)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "department-for-business-2020"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "sign",
   "term": "@Sign",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "An @sign is a personal address on Atsign's atPlatform that a person owns and uses to control, encrypt and share their data directly with other people and devices.",
   "citations": "AtSign (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "atsign-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-custodian",
   "term": "Data Custodian",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A type of data intermediary that holds and protects data for the people or organisations it belongs to and manages access to it on their behalf.",
   "citations": "Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "centre-for-data-ethics-and-innovation-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "authentic-data",
   "term": "Authentic Data",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "Data carrying cryptographic proof of its origin and integrity, so anyone receiving it can verify where it came from and that nobody has altered it.",
   "citations": "Huseby (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "huseby-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "authentic-data-economy",
   "term": "Authentic Data Economy",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data value and markets",
   "definition": "A proposed economy in which data with verifiable provenance is exchanged under its owners' control, rather than being collected and resold by intermediaries.",
   "citations": "Huseby (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "huseby-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-exchange",
   "term": "Data Exchange",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A type of data intermediary that provides a platform where data holders and data users find each other and share or trade data under agreed terms.",
   "citations": "Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "centre-for-data-ethics-and-innovation-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "decentralized-identifier",
   "term": "Decentralized Identifier",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "A W3C identifier that a person or organisation creates and controls themselves, and that others can verify cryptographically without relying on a central registry.",
   "citations": "Hamilton-Duffy et al. (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "hamilton-duffy-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-personal-data-stores",
   "term": "Digital Personal Data Stores",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Apps or services where people collect, keep and manage their own personal data and decide which organisations may access it.",
   "citations": "Mariani et al. (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "mariani-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-wallet",
   "term": "Digital Wallet",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "An app that holds a person's identity credentials and cryptographic keys so they can receive, store and present verifiable proofs about themselves.",
   "citations": "Lemoie (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "lemoie-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "identity-agent",
   "term": "Identity Agent",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "AI and agents",
   "definition": "Software that acts for a person in managing their identity data, credentials and relationships, representing their interests when they deal with online services.",
   "citations": "Trevithick (2021)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "recognized-consent-management-services",
   "term": "Recognized consent management services",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Services accredited under Germany's TTDSG privacy law that store people's consent decisions, for example about cookies, and apply them across websites for them.",
   "citations": "Bernemann & Kneuper (2023)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "bernemann-2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "self-sovereign-data-storage",
   "term": "Self-Sovereign Data Storage",
   "year": 2021,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Nuggets' encrypted storage for personal data, built so that only the individual holds the keys and can unlock or share their data.",
   "citations": "Nuggets (n.d.)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "nuggets-nd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "agents",
   "term": "Agents",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "AI and agents",
   "definition": "Software that works with a person's digital wallet and acts on their behalf, for example exchanging credentials and messages with other parties' agents.",
   "citations": "Windley (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "windley-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "data-passport",
   "term": "Data Passport",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "Dataswyft's method for sharing verified credentials, such as health or test records, from a person's personal data account so others can check them.",
   "citations": "Dataswyft (2021)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "dataswyft-2021"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-fiduciary",
   "term": "Digital Fiduciary",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A data intermediary with legal duties of care and loyalty to the individuals it serves, which manages their data in their interest.",
   "citations": "Flanagan (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "flanagan-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-self-determination",
   "term": "Digital Self-Determination",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "The principle that people and communities should decide for themselves how data about them is collected, used and shared, and be able to act on those decisions.",
   "citations": "Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications & Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (2022), Verhulst (2023)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "verhulst-2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "do-it-yourself-data-protection-2022",
   "term": "Do-it-yourself data protection",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "Steps individuals take themselves to protect their personal data, such as using privacy tools or changing settings, rather than relying on laws or companies.",
   "citations": "Piasecki et al. 2022",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "encrypted-data-vaults",
   "term": "Encrypted Data Vaults",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "A Decentralized Identity Foundation specification for storing data encrypted on the client side, so the hosting provider cannot read what it holds.",
   "citations": "Sporny & Trider (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "sporny-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "get-my-data",
   "term": "Get My Data",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Privacy and rights",
   "definition": "A service, founded in 2020 and later suspended, with the tagline 'All of Your Data. One Request.', for getting back one's personal data from many companies at once.",
   "citations": "Get My Data (2022)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "non-profit-data-intermediaries",
   "term": "Non-Profit Data Intermediaries",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Data intermediaries, such as data trusts or co-operatives, that manage people's data for their members or the public good rather than for profit.",
   "citations": "Flanagan (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "flanagan-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-account",
   "term": "Personal Data Account",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Dataswyft's term for a personal data store account that an individual owns and that apps can create for their users to hold and share data.",
   "citations": "Dataswyft (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "dataswyft-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "private-for-profit-data-intermediaries",
   "term": "Private For-Profit Data Intermediaries",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Commercial companies that act as data intermediaries, managing or brokering people's data access and sharing as a business.",
   "citations": "Flanagan (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "flanagan-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "public-data-intermediaries",
   "term": "Public Data Intermediaries",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Government or public bodies that act as data intermediaries, managing or overseeing how people's data is shared for public purposes.",
   "citations": "Flanagan (2022)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "flanagan-2022"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "verified-legal-entity-identifier-vlei",
   "term": "Verified Legal Entity Identifier (vLEI)",
   "year": 2022,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "GLEIF's verifiable credential version of the Legal Entity Identifier, which proves an organisation's identity and the roles of people authorised to act for it.",
   "citations": "Global Legal Entity Identity Foundation (n.d. b)",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "digital-public-infrastructure",
   "term": "Digital Public Infrastructure",
   "year": 2023,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "Shared public digital systems, such as identity, payments and data-sharing platforms, that governments provide for society to build services on.",
   "citations": "Kuzev & Hall (2023), AtSign (2024)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "atsign-2024",
    "kuzev-2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-warehouses",
   "term": "Personal Data Warehouses",
   "year": 2023,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal informatics and lifelogging",
   "definition": "Personal databases where individuals gather their own data exported from many online services, so they can explore and reuse it themselves.",
   "citations": "Willison (2020)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "willison-2020"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-digital-agent-protocol",
   "term": "Personal Digital Agent Protocol",
   "year": 2023,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "AI and agents",
   "definition": "A protocol proposed at the IETF for software agents that people choose to act for them and to control how services access their data.",
   "citations": "Gropper (2023)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "gropper-2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "trust-framework",
   "term": "Trust Framework",
   "year": 2023,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "A set of rules and standards, such as the UK digital identity and attributes trust framework, that identity and data providers are certified against so others can trust them.",
   "citations": "Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport & Department for Science, Innovation & Technology (2023)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "department-for-digital-2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "web-5",
   "term": "Web 5",
   "year": 2023,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "A platform proposed by TBD, part of Block, that combines identifiers, verifiable credentials and web nodes so people own their identity and data across apps.",
   "citations": "Jones (2023)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "jones-2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "empowerment-tech",
   "term": "Empowerment Tech",
   "year": 2024,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "An umbrella term for tools that put individuals in control of their identity and data, such as digital wallets, personal data stores and personal AI agents.",
   "citations": "Smith (2024)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "smith-2024",
    "smith-2024-2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-exchange",
   "term": "Personal Data eXchange",
   "year": 2024,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "Mydex's term for infrastructure that lets individuals exchange data between their personal data store and organisations under their own control.",
   "citations": "Mitchell (2024)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "mitchell-2024"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-lockbox",
   "term": "Personal Data Lockbox",
   "year": 2003,
   "decade": "2000s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A descriptive name for a secure store of personal data that the individual controls, deciding who may add to it, see it or use it.",
   "citations": "Hayes-Roth (2004), Yeung & Sandström (2004); related: Siegel (2010), Mun et al. (2010), Mydex CIC (2010); later use: Becker (2024)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "yeung-2004",
    "hayes-roth-2004",
    "siegel-2010",
    "mun-2010b",
    "mydex-2010",
    "becker-2024-dissertation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "personal-data-management-platform",
   "term": "Personal Data Management Platform",
   "year": 2024,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Personal data stores",
   "definition": "A platform for individuals to gather, organise and control the sharing of their personal data; it is cited only as a personal communication, so its exact scope is unconfirmed.",
   "citations": "N. Venezia, personal communication, 3 May 2024.",
   "cite_keys": []
  },
  {
   "id": "profile-information-management-system",
   "term": "Profile Information Management System",
   "year": 2024,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Data intermediaries and governance",
   "definition": "An NHS system where authorised health and care staff enter and update service information that is published on NHS.UK and shared with third parties; despite the acronym, it is not a personal PIMS.",
   "citations": "NHS (2024)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "nhs-2024"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "trust-but-verify",
   "term": "Trust, but Verify",
   "year": 1987,
   "decade": "1980s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "An old Russian proverb (doveryai, no proveryai): extend trust, then check it. Its origin is unknown; the idea is written down by Lenin in 1914 (\"Put no faith in words; subject everything to the closest scrutiny\"). Ronald Reagan, taught it by the historian Suzanne Massie, popularized it in English during nuclear arms talks, quoting it to Mikhail Gorbachev at the signing of the INF Treaty in 1987.",
   "citations": "Lenin (1914/1972); Reagan (1987); Massie (2013)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "lenin-1972",
    "reagan-1987",
    "massie-2013"
   ],
   "related": [
    "distrust-and-verify",
    "zero-trust",
    "zero-knowledge-proof",
    "verified-credentials"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "distrust-and-verify",
   "term": "Distrust and Verify",
   "year": 2020,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "Identity",
   "definition": "A reversal of \"trust, but verify\": start from distrust, and believe only what can be checked. It was said publicly by US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in 2020. The same shift runs through technology: Zero Trust security (\"never trust, always verify\"), and tools such as zero-knowledge proofs and verifiable credentials that let anyone check a claim without trusting, or seeing more than they need of, the person making it. Society is moving from trust by default to verification by design. Also said as \"distrust but verify\".",
   "citations": "Pompeo (2020); related: Reagan (1987), Kindervag (2010), Goldwasser et al. (1985)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "pompeo-2020",
    "reagan-1987",
    "kindervag-2010",
    "goldwasser-1985"
   ],
   "related": [
    "trust-but-verify",
    "zero-trust",
    "zero-knowledge-proof",
    "verified-credentials",
    "self-sovereign-identity"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "zero-knowledge-proof",
   "term": "Zero-Knowledge Proof",
   "year": 1985,
   "decade": "1980s",
   "theme": "Standards and protocols",
   "definition": "A way to prove that a statement is true, such as \"I am over 18\", without revealing anything else, such as your birthdate. Introduced by Goldwasser, Micali and Rackoff in 1985; today behind selective disclosure in verifiable credentials.",
   "citations": "Goldwasser et al. (1985)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "goldwasser-1985"
   ],
   "related": [
    "distrust-and-verify",
    "trust-but-verify",
    "verified-credentials",
    "self-sovereign-identity"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "portable-memory",
   "term": "Portable Memory",
   "year": 2026,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "AI and agents",
   "definition": "A user-governed layer of personal context (preferences, knowledge, experiences, credentials) that persists across AI interactions, moves between tools and can be shared selectively by role, consent and purpose, so it is not locked inside one AI platform.",
   "citations": "Stanford Digital Economy Lab (2026, n.d.-b)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "stanford-digital-economy-lab-2026",
    "stanford-digital-economy-lab-nd-b"
   ],
   "related": [
    "human-context-protocol"
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "human-context-protocol",
   "term": "Human Context Protocol (HCP)",
   "year": 2026,
   "decade": "2020s",
   "theme": "AI and agents",
   "definition": "An open protocol, from the Loyal Agents collaboration of the Stanford Digital Economy Lab and the Consumer Reports Innovation Lab, that connects AI assistants to the services holding a person's memory and preferences, defining how preferences are described, searched and updated, so they can move with the person from one AI to another.",
   "citations": "Shah, South, et al. (n.d.); Stanford Digital Economy Lab (2026, n.d.-a)",
   "cite_keys": [
    "shah-nd",
    "stanford-digital-economy-lab-2026",
    "stanford-digital-economy-lab-nd-a"
   ],
   "related": [
    "portable-memory"
   ]
  }
 ]
}